Understanding Autism

What is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)? What are the symptoms? Diagnosis and support

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong developmental condition. It affects how people behave and interact with the world around them.

Every autistic person is unique. No two share common behaviours and need different levels of support.

Autism can be diagnosed in people of all ages, all cultural backgrounds and economic status. ASD usually starts in infancy but it may sometimes be noticeable at 18 months or later. In other cases, ASD is only noticed much later in life.

With growing knowledge of the condition with every passing day, therapy always helps. For those along the functional end of the spectrum especially, therapy increases positive feelings such as compassion and reduces negative behaviour like self harm. It teaches skills to  handle difficult situations, make healthy decisions and set goals. The aim of therapy is to increase self-awareness and build self-reliance.

General symptoms

ASD symptoms are in two broad areas:

  • Social interactions and communication: Those on the autistic spectrum have difficulty in understanding people and the environment.
    Regulating emotions is often a challenge. Many prefer their own company and like to be left alone
  • Restricted and repetitive behaviour: People on the autistic spectrum have intense sensory stimulation. This makes them more sensitive to touch, tastes, sounds and smells.

Routine activities like getting a haircut or brushing teeth or touching a certain fabric can trigger stressful reactions. They are sensitive to loud noise and bright lights. Behaviours include: flapping hands when emotional (happy, sad, excited, angry or stressed), sniffing everything, covering ears or hiding in a quiet place.

Symptoms in children

Common symptoms in children include:

  • No eye contact
  • Delayed speech
  • Repeating words and actions
  • Following order like keeping toys in line
  • Playing by oneself even among a group of children 
  • Lack of social exchanges such as pointing out things
  • Indifference to strangers and known persons

Other behavioural difficulties include:

  • excessively following routines and displaying distress at changes
  • repetitive movements, such as flapping hands, rocking or spinning
  • strongly reacting to sensory input, such as loud sounds, traffic or crowded places
  • narrow range of interests, such as only playing with certain toys
  • challenges with toilet training
  • short concentration span on any task

Related issues in children

There is a range of conditions that may occur alongside ASD in children. Including:

  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
  • Global developmental delay
  • Intellectual disability
  • Anxiety and mood disorders
  • Challenging behaviour
  • Learning difficulties
  • Motor co-ordination difficulties
  • Eating and sleeping disorders
  • Medical and genetic disorders such as Fragile X Syndrome

These conditions require separate consideration and management strategies. They impact the overall progress of a child with ASD.

Diagnosis and support for ASD in children

As kids are unique in the spectrum, there is no common or signal test for ASD diagnosis. The diagnosis is based on the child’s developmental and behavioural assessments. 

Early intervention and support are crucial for children. They enable children to develop skills and improve quality of living.

Assessments are conducted by trained therapists, doctors, psychologists and psychiatrists.

Click here to find helpful diagnostic resources for children with ASD

Symptoms in adults

Social and communication symptoms in adults with ASD include:

  • difficulty in understanding social cues and body language
  • unable to maintain a conversation
  • OCD and severe attention to detail
  • anxiety
  • a preference for solitude
  • becoming overwhelmed easily
  • Difficulty in expressing emotions

 

Other behavioural difficulties include:

  • extreme sensitivity to noise or bright lights
  • struggle with organising and managing time at work
  • difficulty in following daily routine
  • masking ASD to blend in socially which causes anxiety and stress

Diagnosis and support for ASD in adults

Diagnosis involves complete assessment conducted by a psychologist and/or psychiatrist. Adults with ASD are more likely to experience mental health issues.

Support for ASD adults is leveraged through counselling, therapy, training and advocacy.

High functional ASD adults work on self-advocacy to understand their strengths and challenges and prioritise steps to manage ASD.

Click here to find helpful diagnostic resources for adults with ASD

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